Collective AI risks fall outside EU regulation

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About trade

Published: 13 Apr 2026

Despite advanced EU rules on AI, some risks remain unaddressed. A new analysis examines how these gaps affect markets and trade.

The analysis shows that EU rules on AI mainly address technical risks and individual harm, while cumulative societal effects from lawful AI systems fall outside existing frameworks. These effects can shape behaviour, competition, and market conditions over time, with implications for international trade.

“The key insight is that AI does not simply operate within markets – it fundamentally reshapes how markets function”, says Heidi Lund, Trade Policy Adviser at the National Board of Trade.

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Updated: 2026-04-13

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